FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTICS

                                               FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTICS

 

  Plastic have become an integral part of our lives. Relatively low cost and being easily available have brought a use and throw culture. Each year more than 100 million tones of plastics are produced worldwide because of use and throw culture so plastics waste management has become a problem worldwide. This paper, explain the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuel through recycling. Thus two universal problems such as Problems of waste plastic and Problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. The waste plastics are subjected to depolymerisation, fractional distillations to obtain different value added fuels such as petrol, kerosene, and diesel, lube oil, furnace oil traction and coke. The process of waste plastic into fuels can literally change the economic scenario of our country. Thus, process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste.

Key Words: Waste plastics, Reactors, Depolymerisation and Fractional distillation.

  

                   Introduction

Degradability of different waste materials:    

SL. NO.	TYPE OF PRODUCTS	TIME  TAKEN  TO DEGENERATE
1	Organic waste, etc.	1    to 3   weeks
2	Paper	1    to 3   weeks
3	Cotton cloth	8    to 20 weeks
4	Wood	10  to 15 years
5	Wooden items.	10  years
6	Tin, Aluminium&Metals	100 to 500 years
7	Plastics	Million years

 


Yield

NAME OF THE PRODUCT	AMOUNT IN PERCENTAGE
Liquid Distillate	110 %  - 115 %
Coke	05% - 10%
Gas	18 % - 22%
LPG	14% - 16%
Hydrogen etc	01% - 02 %

FUELS	PERCENTAGE
Gasoline	60%
Diesel	30%
Lubricating Oil	8 –10 %

SL.NO.	SPECIFICATIONS	Regular PETROL	PETROL FROM WASTE PLASTIC
1.	Specific Gravity at 280 C	0.7423	0.7254
2.	Specific Gravity at 150 C	0.7528	0.7365
3.	Gross Calorific Value	11210	11262
4.	Net Calorific Value	10460	10498
5.	Aniline Point In 0 C	48	28
6.	Aniline Point In 0 F	118.4	82.4
7.	Flash Point	23	22
8.	Pour Point	< -20 0 C	< -20 0 C
9.	Cloud Point	< -20 0 C	< -20 0 C
10	Reactivity With Ss	NIL	NIL
11.	Reactivity With Ms	NIL	NIL
12.	Reactivity With Cl	NIL	NIL
13.	Reactivity With Al	NIL	NIL
14.	Reactivity With Cu	NIL	NIL
15.	Octane Rating	83	95
16.	Mileage	44.4	44.0
17.	Time for 0-60 KMPH	22.5 S	18.1 S
18.	Co % At 400 RMP/Hc	2.8	3.5
19.	Comments On Engine Noise	MORE	LESS

Process brief for 1 KG input and the yield of output:    

INPUT	QTY	RATE      PER KG	AMOUNT (RS).	OUTPUT	QTY   (   LITER)	RATE   PER     LITER	AMOUNT (RS).
PLASTIC	1.00	2.00	2.00	PETROL	0.600	37.50	22.50
LABOUR			5.00	DIESEL	0.300	25.50	7.65
SERVICE        CHARGE			2.50	LUBE OIL	0.100	15.00	1.50
TOTAL	1.00		9.50		1.00		31.65

·         Shreeve’s Handbook of Chemical Engineering.
·         Jatropha Bio-diesel production in University of Bangalore, the Statesman (Teri).
·         Ganesnan V ‘IC Engines’, TATA McGraw Hill Book Company- New Delhi.
·         Rajput R.K. ‘Thermal Engineering’, Lakshmi Production (P) Ltd.

Plastics play a major role in day-today life, as in certain application they have an edge over conventional materials. Indeed, their light weight, durability, energy efficiency, coupled with a faster rate of production and more design flexibility, have allowed breakthroughs in fields ranging from non-conventional energy, to horticulture and irrigation, water-purification systems and even space flight.

How ever one has to accept that virtues and vices co-exist. Plastics are relatively cheaper and being easily available has brought about use and throws culture. Plastics waste management has become a problem world over because of their non-degradable property. A majority of landfills, allotted for plastic waste disposal, are approaching their full capacity. Thus recycling is becoming necessary.

Plastics in Environment

Three million tones of waste plastics are produced every year in the U.K.alone, only 7% of which is recycled. In the current recycling process usually the plastics end up at city landfills or incinerator. As with any technological trend, the engineering profession plays an important role in the disposal of plastic waste. Discarded plastic products and packaging materials make up a growing portion of municipal solid waste.

The Global Environment Protection Agency [GEPA] estimates that by the year 2004 the amounts of plastic throw away will be 65% greater than that in the 1990’s. The recycling of the plastic is only about one percent of waste plastic in the stream of waste in developing countries as compared to a rate of recycling of aluminum which is about 40% and 20% for paper, where as recycling rate in India is very high up to 20% of waste plastic.

                In a short span of five years plastics have captured 40% of total 6.79 billion USD packaging market in India. This situation may grow further in the coming years with more and more US and European companies entering the market. It would be very interesting to note the type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate.

India has been used as a dumping ground for plastic waste, mostly from industrialized countries like Canada, Denmark, Germany, UK, Netherlands, Japan, France and the United States.

Each year more than 100 million tones of plastic are produced worldwide. Though plastics have opened the way for a plethora of new inventions and devices it has also ended up clogging the drains and becoming a health hazard. The plastic waste accounts to about 5600 tons per day in India. At these alarming levels of waste generation, India needs to set up facilities for recycling and disposing the waste.

Technological Process

Several processes and means have been attempted to fight against the alarming levels of waste generation. However each process has its drawbacks and operational, economical and financial limitations for practical implementation. We have to set up a process to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks and limitations.

Description in process

Generally any waste plastic treatment involves sorting operation, which is a time and energy consuming process. In this process waste plastic can be utilized without any sorting (or) cleaning operation.

The process consists of following operations   

1.    Loading of waste into the reactors.

2.    Depolymerisation of the waste plastic.

3.    Collecting the liquid distillate

4.    Collecting the combustible gases.

Fractional Distillation

1.    Loading of distillate into the distillation furnace,

2.    Collecting the fraction of liquid distillate from the distillation tower.

The waste plastic from the landfills are segregated and stored in the storage tank. Using hot air to the reactor where depolymerisation takes place conveys it. The depolymerisation of waste plastic under control batch reactor results in conversion of waste plastic in a mixture of fuels at atmospheric pressure and ambient room temperature.

Liquid fuels consist of Fraction of Gasoline, Diesel, and Lubricating oil. In the process of conversion, by-products such as gases and cokes are also formed. Gases are tested and majority of them are proved to be in the range of LPG. Coke is available as residue in the process, which is again in the form of fuel.

Properties and their Purification of fuels

            

The properties of liquid distillate match with properties (Ex: specific gravity and pour points) of high quality imported crude.          The fuels obtained in the waste plastic process are virtually free from contaminants such as Lead, Sulphur and Nitrogen. In the process (i.e.) the conversion of waste Plastic into Fuels, the properties mentioned above of Petrol & Diesel fractions obtained are of superior quality with respect to regular commercial Petrol and Diesel purchased locally and has been proved by the performance test.

During the process, hazards related to health and safety is reduced to 90% as compared to regular refinery process.

Quality of fuels

The quality of Gasoline and Diesel fractions obtained in the process is not only at par with regular fuels in tests like Specific gravity is 0.7365 /15⁰C CCR (Conradson Carbon Residue) Ash, calorific value etc but it is also better in terms of quality in test like flash point, API gravity.

Additives

            Regular fuels obtained from Crude oil like Gasoline and Diesel are subjected to many reactions and various additives are added to improve combustion and meet BIS characteristics before it is introduced to market. However the fuel (Gasoline, Diesel) fractions obtained in the process can be utilized without much processing.

          

The average percentage output yield of the products in the first phase of reaction depending on the composition of the waste plastic is as follows,

The percentage of liquid distillate is mentioned in terms of weight by volume whereas percentage of Coke & Gas is mentioned in terms of weight by weight. During the second phase of reaction (i.e.) fractional distillation, the average percentage yields of various fuel fractions depending on the composition of the waste plastic are follows,

Comparison of Petrol from waste Plastics with regular Petrol

Feasibility

The production of the fuels from the waste plastic of various sorts has been carried out a number of times to arrive at the unit cost of production. The break - up of the cost for per kg input of the plastic and the related output for the same is depicted in the table below.

Conclusion

                      Since, the plastics are non-biodegradable, the development in biodegradable plastics are still lagging behind. So it is essential to convert the plastics for some useful purposes in order to reduce the waste plastics to environment. . Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste. This paper is of greater importance in the present Indian scene in view of the serious energy crisis and is in the interest of national economy.

COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

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Considering that we live in a very mobile society, it's probably safe to assume that you have. While pumping gas, you've undoubtedly noticed how much the price of gas has soared in recent years. Gasoline, which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars, is becoming more and more expensive and impractical (especially from an environmental standpoint). But cost is not the only problem with using gasoline as our primary fuel. It is also damaging to the environment, and since it is not a renewable resource, it will eventually run out. These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars fuelled by alternative energies. One possible alternative is the air-powered car. There are at least two ongoing projects that are developing a new type of car that will run on compressed air. One among them is the evolution Cars.

After more than thirty years experience with combustion engines, the French engineer Guy Negre has developed a concept of a totally non-polluting engine for use in urban areas. This invention, which uses high pressure (300 bar) compressed air to store the energy needed for running the engine. When the air is injected into the cylinder chamber, it expands to provide motive power. Oddly, the problem with a conventional four-stroke engine is that compression, combustion and expansion all take place in a single cylinder. But here the engine divides these functions into a three-chamber system, with one cylinder for compression, a small chamber for combustion and a much larger cylinder for expansion.

           Zero Pollution Motors is also working on a hybrid version of their engine
that can run on traditional fuel in combination with air. Mono-energy engine have
demonstrated the viability of the new concept, the air and fuel, bi-energy, engine will be    introduced to major car manufacturers in order to study its adaptation for their common models. 

                                                   ENGINE DESIGN: 

Guy Negre’s engine is, in fact, a radically new internal combustion engine. Two chambers, one for intake and compression and one for expansion and exhaust, are separated from a spherically shaped combustion chamber. The retention time in the combustion chamber is 30% to 100 % longer than in comparable conventional engines, thus giving rise to a more complete combustion at constant volume, while the spherical shape helps eliminate knock (which as been unknown in this engine).

              At the heart of the engine is a small combustion chamber. A piston in a compression cylinder outside this chamber forces air through a valve; getting compressed and thus heating a mixture of air and petrol in the process. With all valves to the chamber closed the hot mixture is ignited. In the final part of the cycle the hot gas escapes through a valve into a separate expansion cylinder where it drives a piston cooling in the process

.

                                     

                                  WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The evolution is powered by a two-cylinder, compressed-air engine. The
basic concept behind the engine is unique; it can run either on compressed air alone or act as an internal combustion engine. Compressed air is stored in carbon or glass fibre tanks at a pressure of 4,351 pounds per square inch (psi). This air is fed through an air injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber, which expands the air. The air pushing down on the pistons moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle power. A compressor driven by an electric motor connected to a standard electric outlet does the recharge of the compressed air tanks. A rapid recharge, using a high-pressure air pump, is also possible. The change of energy source is controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below 60 kmph, it runs on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel, such as gasoline, diesel or natural gas.

 

                       PERFORMANCE OF AIR POWERED CARS:

                                   

Maximum speed	60mph
Acceleration	0-30 mph: 7 seconds
Range	120 miles or 10 hours

all above thinks really 

                    Within the next two years, you could see the first air-powered vehicle motoring
through your town. Most likely, it will be the evolution car that is being built by Zero

Pollution Motors 

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The latest BMW Concept Car for the Efficient Dynamics

                   The latest BMW Concept Car for the Efficient Dynamics

BMW has made the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption a key part of its product development strategy, just as enhancements to the dynamic ability of each BMW have been a lasting, sustained brand value. BMW's Efficient Dynamics engineering philosophy – the pursuit of an enhanced, athletic driving experience while simultaneously lowering the consumption and emissions of each vehicle – resulted in the most dramatic drop in fleet consumption of any automaker from 1990 through 2005, according to an Environmental Defense study.

Now, the BMW Vision concept car clearly demonstrates that the Efficient Dynamics objectives are fully compatible when applied to a sports car. Conceived as a 2+2-seater with plug-in full-hybrid technology, this unique car combines the performance of a BMW M vehicle with a standard of fuel efficiency and emission management that exceeds even the current levels achieved by the latest small cars. This outstanding result is made possible by the combination of BMW Active Hybrid components with an extremely economical combustion engine, and outstanding aerodynamic qualities.

               

BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics is the result of a "clean-sheet" development process to ensure that the correct achievements were made in the areas of efficiency, driving pleasure, technology, and emotional design. BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics is the most comprehensive implementation of the Efficient Dynamics philosophy seen so far. The power train provides a top speed limited electronically to 155 mph, with acceleration to 100 km/h in 4.8 seconds. Average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, equal to 62.6 mpg, and the CO2 emission rating is 99 grams per kilometer. CO2 emission management is even more outstanding when driving in the all-electric mode after charging the battery from a plug-in source: Taking all emissions in the generation of electricity into account, as prescribed by the EU formula, the car's emission rating is just 50 grams per kilometer.

        

Through this unique balance of driving pleasure and fuel efficiency, the BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics concept car clearly demonstrates the potential of BMW Active Hybrid technology, which makes its world debut at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show in the BMW Active Hybrid X6 and BMW Active Hybrid 7 production models.

The power and performance are made possible by combining a fuel-efficient 3-cylinder turbo diesel with one electric motor on each axle. The intelligent combination of these units, together with precisely controlled energy management, simultaneously enhances the dynamic performance and the efficiency of the car. Overall system output is 356 horsepower, and peak torque is 590 lb-ft. The special arrangement of the two motors and diesel engine allows all-wheel drive when driving in all-electric mode. The result is minimum power loss and a harmonious transmission of the power available under all conditions

In its design, BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics for the first time conveys the dynamic look of a BMW sports car to a hybrid vehicle. Developed with decades of experience in Motorsport, the body of this unique sports car is a result of intelligent lightweight technology and aerodynamic efficiency. In the design of the interior, the focus was likewise on both the fascinating driving experience and, in particular, on transparent, hands-on technology and maximum reduction of weight.

POWERLESS FAN by technical world

POWERLESS FAN

             We know that now-a-days electricity is a  scarce  resource  and  the  source  for  current  is  becoming  meager...

Here we presented an idea about how electricity  can  be  saved  in  a  large  scale...

Our  powerless  fan  works  on  the  principle of  Stirling  Engine  Cycle...

The  major  parts  associated  with  the  construction  of  fan  are STIRLING ENGINE,COMPRESSING UNIT,STORAGE UNIT and VALVES.

The air entering  the  valves(remote-controlled) gets  compressed  while entering  into the compression  unit and  thus  becomes it  hot, due to which we  can  make  the  Stirling engine  to  operate. The  piston  attached  to  both engine  and  the  connecting  rod  of  the fan, makes it to rotate  thereby a sufficient  supply of air  inside  the  room is possible. The speed of the wings can  be  controlled  easily  by using a  regulator .This is the principle..

Principle of working

Stirling  cycle  is a  regenerative  cycle  that  works  on  hot  air  only...

Stirling  cycle  has  theoretical  efficiency  equal  to  Carnot   cycle   due  to   the  inclusion   of   re-generator...

Efficiency = w/Qs = Qs-Qr/Qs = R log e (Rc).(T2– T1)/R T2 loge (Rc) +(1-nr). Cv (T2 – T1)‏

  Valves

The   first   unit   of   this   powerless   fan   is   the valves…

The  working  of  valve  in  the  powerless  fan  is  to  allow the atmospheric   air(oxygen)  to   the   storage   unit.

This   3 valves   resembles   the   same   as   the fins   in   the   air-conditioning system…

This   controls   the   amount   of   air   that   enters   inside   the   unit…

  Atmospheric air storage unit

The   second   important   unit   is   the   atmospheric air storage   unit   in   which    AIR   is   been   stored…

The   storage   unit   is   mainly   because   to   supply   air  if  there   is   any    shortage   in   the   air   flow   to   the   compressor   or   to   suck   the   air   if   there   any   over   flow  of   air   which   decreases   the   efficiency   of   Stirling   engine...

Storage   unit   is  an   additional   attachment   for   this     powerless   fan…

Compression unit

As  we  all  know ,  in  general , compression  unit  compresses  the  air  entering  through  it…

When  the  pressure  and  temperature  of  the  air  increases , the compression  takes place…

Compressor   is   a  machine  which  takes  air  during  suction   stroke   at   low   pressure   and   then   compresses   it   to  high  pressure  in  a  piston  cylinder  arrangement...

Rotary  compressor  is  used  because  they  are  suitable  for  high  discharge  at  very  low  discharge  pressure...

Discharge  is  as  high  as  3000 m3/min...

Piston and Connecting Rod

A  piston  is  attached  to  the  connection  rod  of  the  fan  and  also  to  the  compression  unit , and  it  makes  reciprocating  motion  between  the  two…

This  reciprocating  motion   of  the  piston  is  converted into  rotary  motion  by  the  connecting  rod...

At  the  instant  the  compression  begins ,   the  piston  starts  to  exhibit  the  motion and      makes  the  connecting  rod  of  the    fan  to  rotate…

Working of Stirling Engine

When hot compressed air comes to the inlet of Stirling engine the engine starts working...

The working of Stirling engine is based on the Stirling cycle(Regenerative cycle)...

The compression and expansion of the Stirling cycle are considered reversible isothermal processes...

After the compression of the intake hot compressed air the expansion of hot air starts...

Working of Fan

The  valves  are  made  opened  by  a  remote-controlling  system…

The  atmospheric  air  goes  into  the  valve, to  the  compressing  unit…

The  piston  which  is  attached,  starts  to  promote  reciprocating  motion, due  to  the  process  of  air  compression…

And  in  turn, the  connecting  rod  of  the  fan  rotates  and  hence  the  rotation  of  wings  takes  place…

By  using  a  regulator, the  speed  of  the  fan  can  be  controlled…

       Advantages

The  first  and  the  foremost  advantage  of  this  powerless  fan  is  the  SAVING  OF  POWER…

Less  maintenance and  low-costing  equipment…

Highly EFFICIENT…

                               

 …