MAGENN AIR ROTOR SYSTEM (M.A.R.S.)
ABSTRACT
Magenn Power Air Rotor System (M.A.R.S.),
helium filled wind generator that rotates around a horizontal axis and sends
electricity down a tether that can be used immediately, stored in a battery or
routed to the power grid. The Magenn Power Air Rotor System (MARS) is a
patented high altitude lighter-than-air tethered device that rotates about a
horizontal axis in response to wind, efficiently generating clean renewable
electrical energy at a lower cost than all competing systems. Airborne wind -
turbines that fly in the sky and harvest energy from atmospheric wind has the
potential, say proponents, of reducing the cost of wind power. In April of
2008, Magenn Power made history by having the world's first rotating airship.
This paper presents an analysis of M.A.R.S and its developments. The physical
behavior of machine is presented through its components. This system is a
highly advanced one that is been not yet implemented till 2010.Now Canadian
company is taking orders to distribute in 2011 in all the leading markets. This
paper also presents a detail view of working and advantages.
I.INRODUCTION
Wind is the fastest growing energy source in the world and one of
the lowest priced renewable energy technologies today, at a cost of 4-6cents
per killo watt hour."There is enough energy in high altitude winds to
power civilization 100 times over; and sooner or later we're going to learn to
tap into the power of winds and use it to run civilization." Magenn Power's high altitude wind turbine
called MARS, is a Wind Power solution with distinct advantages over existing
Conventional Wind Turbines and Diesel Generating Systems including: global
deployment, lower costs, better performance and environmental advantages operational
.The wind is a completely renewable source that will last
forever. The life cycle for the energy gained from wind turbines is
simply as long as the physical parts last. The generation of electricity from
wind power takes place in several steps. It requires a rotor, usually
consisting of 2-3 blades, mounted atop a tower; wiring; and "balance of power"
components such as converters, inverters and batteries Wind turbines at ground
level produce at a rate of 20-25%, but when placed at altitudes from 600-1000
feet, energy output can double. The Magenn Air Rotor System or MARS is a
stationary blimp kept afloat with helium and tethered into place on an
electrical grid. Centrifugal blades on the MARS can generate up to several
megawatts of clean, renewable energy at a price well below our current grounded
wind turbines. An airborne wind turbine is a design concept for a wind turbine
that is supported in the air without a tower. Airborne wind turbines may
operate in low or high altitudes; they are part of a wider class of Airborne
Wind Energy systems (AWE) addressed by high altitude wind power. When the generator is
on the ground, then the tethered aircraft need not carry the generator mass or
have a conductive tether. When the generator is aloft, then a conductive tether
would be used to transmit energy to the ground or used aloft or beamed to
receivers using microwave or laser. Airborne turbine systems would have the
advantage of tapping an almost constant wind, without requirements for slip rings
or yaw mechanism,
and without the expense of tower construction. As of 2010, no commercial
airborne wind turbines are in regular operation.
II.MAIN COMPONENTS OF
M.A.R.S
A. Tether
A tether is a cord or fixture that anchors something movable to a
reference point which may be fixed or moving. Energy generated by a
high-altitude system may be used aloft or sent to the ground surface by
conducting cables, mechanical force through a tether, rotation of endless line
loop, movement of changed chemicals, flow of high pressure gases, flow of
low-pressure gases, or laser or microwave power beams. A tether is a long cable
usually made of thin strands of high-strength fibers or conducting wires. The
tether can provide a mechanical connection between two space objects that
enables the transfer of energy and momentum from one object to the other. The
electrical current that is generated travels down the tethering lines to a
transformer at the ground station, then is redirected to the power grid.
B. Helium balloon
A Helium balloon is a balloon that stays aloft due to being filled
with a gas less dense than air or lighter than air.
Today, balloons include large blimps
and small rubber party balloons. Helium balloons work by the same law of
buoyancy. As long as the helium plus the balloon is lighter than the air it
displaces, the balloon will float in the air. Helium sustains the Magenn Air
Rotor System, which ascends to an altitude as selected by the operator for the
best winds
C. Helium
Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic
weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol
He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert monatomic
gas that heads the noble gas
group in the periodic table. Its boiling
and melting
points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a gas except in
extreme conditions.
D. Blade
The blades are relatively thin because this means they have a
greater surface area to volume ratio and so are affected more by the
wind. For a simple demonstration, think of the difference between fanning
yourself with a flat piece of paper and a rolled up piece of
paper. The flat piece causes a far greater movement of air and the
same goes in reverse. Air movement is going to affect the flat piece much
more than the roll, although the weight is the same. The blades are also curved
to increase their efficiency.
As the blades move they cause a shaft in the body of the wind
turbine to start turning. This leads into a gearbox. Gears transmit
rotational energy in a similar manner to the cogs in an old fashioned
clock. The gears in the gearbox of a wind turbine end up spinning far
faster than the blades were. Wind turbine blades turn at a speed of 10-50
revolutions per minute, and are equipped with regulators that shut the system
down during hazardous weather to avoid having them spin out of control.
Blade Specifications: Obviously, this is the one variable that
engineers can control. Longer, slimmer and lighter turbine blades can increase
energy production. In his detailed May 5, 2010 article, Wind power Engineering Editor Paul Dvorak stresses the
importance of turbine blades being as light as possible, yet durable enough to
withstand high winds without breaking. Current blades range from 130-300 feet
(40-90 meters), but future prototypes may be as big as 435 feet (145 meters).
E. Turbine
There are two types of
turbines. One is the vertical-axis type. It works like an egg beater. It works
for small power uses: pumping water and grinding grain. This turbine cannot
produce enough energy for electrical purposes. The second turbine is a
horizontal axis, which has the capabilities of converting wind into
electricity. This is the style used today on wind farms.
Turbines will generally last for around 120,000 hours, or about
20-25 years. Since they have moving parts, they require maintenance and repair,
at a cost of about 1 cent per killo watt hour produced, or 1-2% annually of the
original cost of the turbine.
The Honeywell turbine would measure 57 feet across and carry two
one-megawatt turbines. In 34 MPH winds at 5,000 feet, the device would travel
at 172 miles per hour and generate a megawatt of energy. The generator sits in
the back of the device to add stability. This is done by the massive rotor
blades, which form the visible part of a wind turbine.
F. Generator
The wind turbine generator converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy.
Wind turbine generators are a bit unusual, compared to other
generating units you ordinarily find attached to the electrical grid. One
reason is that the generator has to work with a power source (the wind turbine
rotor) which supplies very fluctuating mechanical power (torque). A generator
situated 500-1000 feet above ground level would enjoy much more consistent
strong wind - which is why the Magenn MARS system makes so much sense. It's a
helium-filled rotating airship that spins in the wind on the end of a
variable-length tether that also acts as a power transmitter, and it's expected
to operate at more like 50% of its rated capacity.
On large wind turbines (above 100-150 kW) the voltage (tension)
generated by the turbine is usually 690 V three-phase alternating current (AC).
The current is subsequently sent through a transformer next to the wind turbine
(or inside the tower) to raise the voltage to somewhere between 10,000 and
30,000 volts, depending on the standard in the local electrical grid. Large
manufacturers will supply both 50 Hz wind turbine models (for the electrical
grids in most of the world) and 60 Hz models (for the electrical grid in America
Generators need cooling while they work. On most turbines this is
accomplished by encapsulating the generator in a duct, using a large fan for
air cooling, but a few manufacturers use water cooled generators. Water cooled
generators may be built more compactly, which also gives some electrical
efficiency advantages, but they require a radiator in the nacelle to get rid of
the heat from the liquid cooling system
III.Working
Wind spins a turbine's blades, which, in turn, cause an attached generator to also spin. The wind blows through blades (made of fiberglass-reinforced polyester – this makes the blades lightweight and yet strong enough to withstand the force of the wind).The blades change the wind's energy into a rotational shaft energy (think of a standard fan).The shaft connects to a drive train with a gear box that uses the rotation of the blades to Spin the magnets in the generator to produce mechanical energy This mechanical energy is imparted to the shaft in the hub of the turbine and causes a great amount of torque to develop on the shaft. At the other end of the shaft, a gearbox transfers the energy to a secondary shaft. The step up gearing causes higher revolutions per minute (rpm) in the secondary shaft and consequently lower torque. A generator or alternator is mounted on the secondary shaft, and converts the mechanical energy originally imparted by the wind to the turbine. A protective cover, “nacelle”, houses the shaft, drive train and generator.
Wind spins a turbine's blades, which, in turn, cause an attached generator to also spin. The wind blows through blades (made of fiberglass-reinforced polyester – this makes the blades lightweight and yet strong enough to withstand the force of the wind).The blades change the wind's energy into a rotational shaft energy (think of a standard fan).The shaft connects to a drive train with a gear box that uses the rotation of the blades to Spin the magnets in the generator to produce mechanical energy This mechanical energy is imparted to the shaft in the hub of the turbine and causes a great amount of torque to develop on the shaft. At the other end of the shaft, a gearbox transfers the energy to a secondary shaft. The step up gearing causes higher revolutions per minute (rpm) in the secondary shaft and consequently lower torque. A generator or alternator is mounted on the secondary shaft, and converts the mechanical energy originally imparted by the wind to the turbine. A protective cover, “nacelle”, houses the shaft, drive train and generator.
The generator then converts that moving energy of the wind into
electricity using electromagnetic induction, which involves using the opposite
charges of a magnet
to create an electric current. The generators are at each end of the
rotor with a direct output power connection to the twin cables. Outboard
of the generators at each end of the rotor are wind vane stabilizers in the
form of conical wheels. The deviation in the trajectory of a spinning
projectile caused by the Magnus force. The deviation is toward the direction of the
spin and results from pressure differentials in the spinning projectile. The
Magnus effect is greatest when the axis of spin is perpendicular to the
direction of relative fluid velocity The Magnus effect, associated with
the rotor rotation, also provides additional lift, which stabilises the rotor
position causing it to pull up overhead, rather than drift downwind on its
tether.
Wind causes the blimp to rotate: That movement gets converted into electrical energy and is then transferred down the tether.
Instead of the large pinwheel blades that are typical of wind
turbines though, the blades of the M.A.R.S turbine are actually part of the
three-dimensional blimp
itself. The blades catch the wind, causing the entire blimp to spin around.
After the generator converts that movement into electricity, it's transferred
down the turbine's long tether. Whereas most regular turbines capture winds at
altitudes of 200 to 300 feet (61 to 91 meters), the MARS turbine can reach
winds from 600 to 1,000 feet (183 to 305 meters) above ground level. Winds at
these higher levels are significantly faster than low-level winds because they
don't encounter as much resistance from objects on the ground like trees and
buildings. Research shows that with each doubling of elevation, there is a 12
percent increase in wind speed with each doubling of wind speed there is an
eightfold increase in wind power
The wind pushes the rotor blades, converting kinetic energy to
rotary motion. This spins a low-speed shaft, which turns a gear at the lower
end. The gear in turn drives a smaller gear on a high-speed shaft that runs
through generator housing.
A magnetic rotor on the high-speed shaft spins inside loops of
copper wire that are wound around an iron core. This creates
"electromagnetic induction" through the coils and generates an
electric current. The current must be regulated for the strength of current
desired (110 w in the US
IV.INSIDE M.A.R.S
Magenn Power designed its turbine not only for easy deployment,
but also for easy maintenance. Obviously, a blimp like object floating
at 1,000 feet (305 meters) could receive quite a beating from the elements, but
the company estimates the MARS should last at least 15 years before requiring
maintenance. To achieve this longevity, the inflatable part of the turbine is
made from an extremely durable fabric used by most current airships. The woven
outer part is actually made from the same material used in bulletproof vests and is
lined with a coating that protects it from UV rays and abrasion. The inner
portion is coated with Mylar (the silver part you see in helium balloons) to
prevent the helium gas from escaping. Since the MARS is located at such high
altitudes, it was also designed to be able to withstand strong winds. While
conventional turbines will shut down at wind speeds in excess of 45 mph, the
MARS can function at speeds greater than 63 mph. At the other end of the
spectrum, the MARS turbine can also convert wind energy into electricity at wind
speeds as low as 7 mph
Part of what enables the MARS to stay vertical at high wind speeds is due to something called the Magnus effect. This refers to the lift created when a curved object spins while moving in a fluid medium like air. When the object spins, an area of high pressure forms beneath it and causes it to rise. Golf balls, when hit a certain way, and curveball pitches in baseball, have a back spin that causes them to lift in flight -- this is the Magnus effect. Since the effect increases as wind speed increases, the MARS is able to use it in combination with the lift from the helium to maintain a near vertical position and not lean in high winds.
The wide range of speeds at which it can operate means that the
MARS can deliver output much closer to its rated capacity than standard designs
can. This is because although wind energy can theoretically generate
significant amounts of electricity, most generators only produce a fraction of
that because of inconsistent winds.
V.ADVANTAGES
The Advantages of MARS over Conventional Wind Turbines are:
Low cost electricity - under 20 cents per kWh versus 50 cents to
99 cents per kWh for diesel
Bird and bat friendly Lower noise
Wide range of wind speeds - 3 meters/second to more than 28
meters/second Higher operating altitudes - from 500 feet to 1,000 feet above
ground level are possible without expensive towers or cranes
Fewer limits on placement location - coast line placement is not
necessary. Ability to install closer to the power grid Mobile Ideal for off
grid applications or where power is not reliable.
VI.CONCLUSION
M.A.R.S is first tested on
April 2008 successfully by Fred Ferguson .Thus MARS is the most efficient,
cost-effective, eco-friendly, mobile, low maintenance way of generate
electrical energy out of wind energy. Due to inadequate supply of power
production many private sector have turned their vision towards thermal power
plant. In 2015 there could be around 9 thermal power plant in Tuticorin to meet
the energy need. Due to the introduction of MARS many private sectors have
turned their attention towards it because of its advantages over other systems.
It would be ideal for the
country like India
