HYDRAULIC HYBRID VEHICLES by moses

               HYDRAULIC HYBRID VEHICLES

                "Future cars offer good, clean fun: Hydraulic Hybrids are engines of tomorrow”

        

                            Depletion of conventional energy sources and increase in pollution are the two main problems of this era. Vehicles are the largest consumers of this conventional energy sources results in increase in pollution. In order to overcome these problems new concepts like Hybrid Technology has emerged. This article discusses the new upcoming Hybrid technology

                                                              HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLE

1839
Robert Anderson of Aberdeen, Scotland built the first electric vehicle

1870
Sir David Salomon developed a car with a light electric motor and very heavy storage batteries. Driving speed and range were poor

1890 – 1910
Period of significant improvements in battery technology, specifically with development of the modern lead-acid battery by H. Tudor and nickel-iron battery by Edison and Junger.The German Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, built his first car, the Lohner Electric Chaise. In 1905, H. Piper filed a patent for a petrol-electric hybrid vehicle.

1913
With the advent of the self-starter (making it easy for all drivers to start gas engines), steamers and electrics were almost completely wiped out. In this year, sales of electric cars dropped to 6,000 vehicles, while the Ford Model T sold 182,809 gasoline cars.

 1920 – 1965
Dormant periods for mass-produced electric and hybrid cars. So-called alternative cars became the province of backyard tinkerers and small-time entrepreneurs

1977 – 1979
General Motors spent over $20 million in electric car development and research, reporting that electric vehicles could be in production by the mid-1980s.

2000-2004
Toyota released the Toyota Prius, the first hybrid four-door sedan available in the United States. The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S. market

                   Hydraulic Hybrids..:                              

                   A hydraulic-diesel hybrid power train allows for the use of a less powerful and more fuel efficient diesel engine operating at its optimal setting and less frequently to obtain the same power as a less efficient engine directly powering the wheels. There are two accumulators; one high-pressure and the other low-pressure. Inside the accumulators are nitrogen bladders. When hydraulic fluid accumulates, the nitrogen bladders are compressed, and energy is stored. The low pressure accumulator acts like a reservoir containing hydraulic fluid.

                                            During braking, energy that is usually dissipated through heat is used to operate a pump that takes hydraulic fluid from the low-pressure accumulator to

pressurize the high pressure accumulator. This energy stored in the high-pressure nitrogen bladder is then used to accelerate the vehicle. During acceleration, the pressurized fluid leaves the high pressure accumulator and powers the pump/motor. The fluid then returns to the low pressure accumulator. The diesel engine is used when the high-pressure accumulator is depressurized and the vehicle is running at steady state

                       

          Types of Hydraulic Hybrid vehicle systems   

      

                             Parallel hydraulic hybrid system           

                             Series hydraulic hybrid system

How Does a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid System Work?
       A pump/motor is used to pump the hydraulic fluid from the low pressure accumulator to the high pressure accumulator during braking and also it acts as a motor during acceleration driving another motor connected to the wheels by a shaft. During acceleration, the pressurized fluid leaves the high pressure accumulator and powers the pump/motor which in turns acts as a motor to drive the motor connected to the wheels, during this process the hydraulic fluid is returned back to the reservoir.

                        

How Does a Series Hydraulic Hybrid System Work?

          A pump is used to pump the hydraulic fluid from the low pressure accumulator to the high pressure accumulator during braking. During acceleration the energy stored in the accumulator is used to power the pump/motor. The fluid then returns to the reservoir. Hence the fluid from the reservoir moves to the accumulator through the pump and it returns to the reservoir through the motor.

Advanced Hydraulic Hybrid control systems derive their fuel economy improvement from the use of four design and control strategies:

1) Recovery and reuse of over 70% of braking energy (known as regenerative braking).

2) Optimization of engine operation at the “sweet” spot.

3) Reduction of engine operation (e.g. engine is shut-off when the vehicle isn’t moving, so there is never any engine idling).

4) Improve engine efficiency from enabling new innovative efficient engine concepts.

The Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid System utilizes only design strategy of recovery and reuse1). The Series Hydraulic Hybrid System takes advantage of all four strategies.

                                     

                                      Future of Hydraulics 

                               

                    Hydraulic hybrid systems create a unique opportunity to optimize engine operations.   EPA has produced research concept vehicles that demonstrate the hydraulic technology.  One concept vehicle is an urban delivery truck that uses hydraulic "launch assist."  This delivery truck retains its conventional engine and transmission, but adds on a hydraulics package optimized for fuel economy. The next generation of hydraulic vehicles involves fully integrating hydraulic technology.  In this configuration, the "full" hydraulic hybrid replaces the conventional drivetrain with a hydraulic drivetrain and eliminates the need for a transmission and transfer case. Using the full hydraulic drive in conjunction with EPA's clean diesel combustion technology is projected to improve fuel economy even more.

                       EPA also has achieved major breakthroughs in designing hydraulic accumulators and pump/motors to be more efficient, smaller, and lighter for motor vehicle applications, which will help improve fuel efficiency.  EPA currently has cooperative research and development agreements with several private sector partners to further the development of hydraulics.

                   THANKS TO GIVE A PROPER INFORMATION BY MR. AR NAVEEN KUMAR..BE

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THERMAL MICROINJECTOR by mosesdhilipkumar

                            THERMAL MICRO INJECTOR 

                           Today, the major problem which troubles the engineers is controlling the emissions from an automobile with out sacrificing its efficiency. The one way to solve the problem is utilizing the alternate fuels which will be an Eco friendly. But the main disadvantage is the power output from such alternate fuels is less compared to the conventional fuels such as petrol and diesel. So through this paper we present the various advanced technologies of fuel injection which will be an Eco friendly as well as an efficient one.

This paper reports a new application of a thermal micro injector for fuel injection. The paper estimates the ejected velocity of the diesel fuel droplet, and the minimum temperature for bubble formation. The effective fuel spray penetration using the thermal micro injector is explained elaborately. Analysis of the temperature profile evolution and activation curve between water and diesel fuel is helpful for optimization of the micro injector design. The micro injector is fabricated using combined surface and bulk micro machining. Also we have discussed some advantages of the micro injector over the conventional fuel injector 

                                                      INTRODUCTION:

                                        

The fuel injection system is the heart of the internal combustion engine. The function of the injector is to provide fuel to the engine chamber. The fuel will be atomized into small droplets, and begin to evaporate as it moves away from the nozzle and mixes with hot air. The fuel-air ratio is not uniform across the engine chamber because of the complexity of the mixing process. The fuel injection system mainly deals with the atomization step for a typical combustion engine sequence that consists of

                                    1. Atomization,

                                   2. Vaporization,

                                   3. Air entrainment,

                                   4. Ignition, and

                                   5. Combustion.

The typical nozzle diameter for a diesel fuel injector lies between 200 µm and 1000 µm, while the ratio of the length to diameter of the nozzle ranges from 2 to 8. The fuel injection pressure is usually very high (20-170 MPa). Also, the temperature in the cylinder at the time of injection is about 1000 K . The diameter    of a typical diesel fuel droplet with a back pressure of 39.3 MPa (5700 psi) ranges from 10 µm to 100 µm, with the average about 51 µm (0.002 in)

                           operation 

The operating principle of micro injector is similar to that of commercial thermal inkjet print heads. The thermal jet technique uses thermal energy to grow bubbles inside a chamber, functioning as a pump to eject droplets. Fig. 2 illustrates the droplet ejection sequence of a typical thermal jet. The jet uses an electric current pulse to boil liquid inside the micro chamber. The expanding bubble pressurizes the chamber and ejects a column of liquid through a nozzle. The liquid column further breaks into a sequence of droplets through the interaction between surface tension and inertial force.

                                                              

After the liquid column is separated from the nozzle, the chamber is refilled by liquid from the manifold via the capillary force. The size of a fuel droplet highly depends on the shape and size of the micro nozzle. A monolithic silicon micro injector has been fabricated using MEMS technologies and successfully demonstrated the ability of single-droplet ejection with water and ink as working fluids. 

thank you for your support by moses dhilip kumar.BE

WEDGE BRAKING SYSTEM

                                            WEDGE BRAKING SYSTEM

                                

                    This concept  deals with the introduction of electronic wedge brake into the braking system.

It is a new way of braking system i.e. breaking without hydraulics like the conventional brake. It can dramatically reduce stopping distances of cars compared with conventional hydraulic systems. It gives more efficiency to the braking system. The entire system runs on the standard 12-volt electrical system found in most cars.. We also designed single motor electronic wedge brake system which is very effective when compared to normal electronic wedge brake (EWB) which uses two motor.

             What is Electronic Wedge Brake?

The electronic wedge brake works by a similar principle to that used in brakes for horse-

Drawn carriages, where a wedge was used to bring the wheel to a standstill. The EWB,

however, relies on sophisticated sensor technology and electronics to prevent the brakes

from locking and ensure highly efficient and controlled braking .

The wedge uses a vehicle’s kinetic energy, converting it into braking energy. By reinforcing itself this way, the EWB needs only one tenth of the actuating energy required by today's hydraulic braking systems.

Given this superior efficiency, the EWB will also have smaller dimensions, which will reduce total vehicle weight. What’s more, the EWB will dispense with the need for brake lines, a servo-unit and a brake fluid reservoir.

While a conventional ABS takes between 140 and 170 milliseconds to generate full braking power, the EWB needs only about 100 milliseconds and therefore shortens the braking distance because a car covers the distance of 1.40 meters in one second at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour.

                        

                    below Schematic diagram of the electronic wedge brake:

                

           Components OF Electronic Wedge Brake system:

The components of the electronic wedge brake system is shown below.

                              a)             Brake calliper

                              b)             Brake disc

                              c)             Brake pad

                              d)            Motor(single  phase induction motor)

                              e)             Wedge shaped system

                               f)              Rollers.

Working of Electronic Wedge Brake system:

                          

the piston and the fluid ducts are replaced by a double plate (6), slick on one side and featuring wedge-shaped "teeth" on the other. The two teethed plates face each other and lodged between the teeth are small cylindrical rollers (5). In the caliper, as with a regular brake, the rubbing pad (2) is set against the fixed, interior plate of the caliper, while the other pad (exterior) is set against the floating plate of the caliper. Two small electric motors (3 and 4) also located in the caliper move the wedges against one another. As a result, when the brake pedal is depressed, the wedges are "activated"; they push back both plates and force the pads against the disc. Here  the wedge effect automatically increases the brake force that is applied. In reality, it's the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle that helps to slow it down. In other words, the faster the vehicle goes, the harder the brakes react.

   

                       Advantages of EWB:

1. The EWB is more efficient.

2. It responds faster.

3. Requires one tenth of the energy that of conventional brake system.

4. The EWB will dispense the need for brake lines, a servo-unit, and a brake fluid reservoir.

5. It also eliminates brake vaccum boosters ,pistons etc.

6. The system also has faster reaction time.

7. It works three times than quicker than the conventional brakes(100ms).

8. The braking distance required from 100 km/h to 0 km/h was reduced by half in the EWB.

RIGHTS by

MOSES DHILIPKUMAR .BE

RAPID PROTOTYPING IN ENGINEERING BY MOSES

                                               RAPID PROTOTYPING IN ENGINEERING


                                        

The term rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that can automatically construct physical models from Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data. These "three dimensional printers" allow designers to quickly create tangible prototypes of their designs, rather than just two-dimensional pictures. Such models have numerous uses. 

They make excellent visual aids for communicating ideas with co-workers or customers. In addition, prototypes can be  used for design testing

.
 For example, an aerospace engineer  might  mount a  model airfoil in a wind tunnel to measure lift and drag forces. Designers have  always utilized  prototypes;  RP allows them to be made faster and less expensively.

At least six  different  rapid  prototyping techniques are  commercially available, each with unique strengths
.  Because RP technologies are being increasingly used in non-prototyping  applications, the techniques are 
often collectively referred to as solid free-form fabrication, computer automated  manufacturing,
 or layered manufacturing.  The latter  term is particularly  descriptive of the manufacturing process used by all commercial techniques

. A software package "slices" the CAD model into a number of thin (~0.1 mm) layers, which are then built up one a top another. Rapid prototyping is an "additive" process, combining layers of paper, wax, or plastic to create a solid object. In contrast, most machining processes (milling, drilling, grinding, etc.) are "subtractive" processes that remove material from a solid block. RP’s additive nature allows it to create objects with complicated internal features that cannot be manufactured by other means.

                            

MET

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MODERN ROBORTS

                                                        

                                                  ROBOTICS

It is a field of Engineering that covers the mimicking of human behavior. Robotics includes the knowledge of Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical & Computer Science Engineering.

  

                

                                              LAWS OF ROBOTICS

The term robotics was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.

Asimov's Laws of Robotics:

•         A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

•         A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such order would conflict with the First Law.

•         A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the     First or Second Law.   

                                MODERN ROBOTS

Mobile robot:

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article.

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research.

Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely encounter robots. However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in military applications.

                               

Industrial robots:

Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and end effector that is attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.

The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373:

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."

This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.

Military robots:

Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots.The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively. However, other experts question this.

Some public concerns about autonomous robots have received media attention.One robot in particular, the EATR, has generated concerns over its fuel source as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances.Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation specifically selected by its sensors which can find on battlefields or other local environments the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used.The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection.Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.

 LAST BUT NOT LEAST:

Even though, it performs some operations like a human (interactions & facial expressions). The complexity affects all those things. While only a few institutions are fully dedicated to the creation of humanoid robots, a host of projects around the world are meeting with encouraging success in particular areas. If it overcomes all those drawbacks, after 10 years there is no need of human to work. The only work to human is to think how to command all these humanoid robots.

     BY ;   MOSES DHILIP KUMAR 

history of locomotive by moses dhilip kumar

                         

The first self-propelling steam engine or steam locomotive made its outing on 13 February 1804.
                  this engine not able to carry ,more weight only it carry 10 to 15 tones

  

and its purely steam power engine now a days lot of power sources available but that time  steam is 

very great innovative one  this first engine travel only km/h,    at the initial stage peoples waiting  for water gets steam for long time but they are enjoy to sea  locomotive motives forward                                             The first public railway was the Stockton and Darling ton Railway.

Stephenson-designed locos, the first of which was called Locomotion. now a days lots of technology 

growth very fast but we never skip old this type innovates because this all are under not a just an engineering . 

backbone of engineering  lot of travelling vehicle available but middle class people until now they are like travel only in train . so this time we respect those who are involve and helps  to innovative the locomotive 

POWER STEERING by moses dhilip kumar

    

         The front wheels are turned to the right or left as per the will of the driver                       through the mechanical advantage of the steering gear and the linkage           

         There are some disadvantages in manual steering.

v  It is bigger and heavier in engines on cars.

v  Low pressure types should be used in case of cars.

v  The larger steering ratio is required to steer these cars. For this, more turns of the steering wheel are required to move to the desired distance.

v  Larger tyres having heavier weight on vehicles make the car more difficult in parking. So, the driver has to apply greater physical strength for driving the vehicles.

v  To overcome this difficulty, power – assisted steering has been introduced as shown in fig.   They have only power –assisted steering, called power steering.

                        When a car is steered manually, the driver has to supply all the

WORKING

v  The power steering is to improve driving comfort, most modern automobiles have wide, low pressure tyres with increased the tyre to road surface contact area.

v  The power – steering system used in automobiles is actually a modified manual – steering system as show in fig.

v  The steering column, steering gear, and steering linkage entirely vary from the manual – steering systems. The main difference between power steering and manual steering system is a power booster attached to assist the driver.

v  In this power – assisted steering, the booster is operated when the steering shaft turns. When the steering effort exceeds a certain force, when the steering wheel turns, valves are actuated by this hydraulic pressure to a cylinder. “Then this pressure makes the piston to move and provides most of the steering force.

 

                               A simple hydraulic power assisted steering is illustrated in fig

v  It consists of a fluid reservoir, hydraulic pump, hydraulic ram, control valve, steering shaft, steering box and steering wheel.

v  The engine driven by hydraulic pumps supply oil under pressure from the oil reservoir to the feed lines. A hydraulic control valve provided below the steering measures the input pressure at the steering wheel. Then the pressure is converted in to the hydraulic ram.

v  When the steering wheel is stationary, the oil will exert the same pressure on both sides of the piston and retain the piston at rest.

v  When the driver turns the steering wheel, the control valve is moved by the steering arm. At that time, one of the ports closes while the other one opens.

v  High pressure oil enters one side thereby moving the piston. Then this movement of the piston actuates the steering linkage to move in the required direction.

v  This system is used in big cars and heavy commercial vehicles.

v  It is very much suitable for low speeds and the vehicle for parking purposes while reversing.