MODERN ROBORTS

                                                        

                                                  ROBOTICS

It is a field of Engineering that covers the mimicking of human behavior. Robotics includes the knowledge of Mechanical, Electronics, Electrical & Computer Science Engineering.

  

                

                                              LAWS OF ROBOTICS

The term robotics was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.

Asimov's Laws of Robotics:

•         A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

•         A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such order would conflict with the First Law.

•         A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the     First or Second Law.   

                                MODERN ROBOTS

Mobile robot:

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article.

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research.

Modern robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely encounter robots. However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in military applications.

                               

Industrial robots:

Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and end effector that is attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.

The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373:

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."

This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.

Military robots:

Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots.The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively. However, other experts question this.

Some public concerns about autonomous robots have received media attention.One robot in particular, the EATR, has generated concerns over its fuel source as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances.Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation specifically selected by its sensors which can find on battlefields or other local environments the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used.The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection.Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.

 LAST BUT NOT LEAST:

Even though, it performs some operations like a human (interactions & facial expressions). The complexity affects all those things. While only a few institutions are fully dedicated to the creation of humanoid robots, a host of projects around the world are meeting with encouraging success in particular areas. If it overcomes all those drawbacks, after 10 years there is no need of human to work. The only work to human is to think how to command all these humanoid robots.

     BY ;   MOSES DHILIP KUMAR 

history of locomotive by moses dhilip kumar

                         

The first self-propelling steam engine or steam locomotive made its outing on 13 February 1804.
                  this engine not able to carry ,more weight only it carry 10 to 15 tones

  

and its purely steam power engine now a days lot of power sources available but that time  steam is 

very great innovative one  this first engine travel only km/h,    at the initial stage peoples waiting  for water gets steam for long time but they are enjoy to sea  locomotive motives forward                                             The first public railway was the Stockton and Darling ton Railway.

Stephenson-designed locos, the first of which was called Locomotion. now a days lots of technology 

growth very fast but we never skip old this type innovates because this all are under not a just an engineering . 

backbone of engineering  lot of travelling vehicle available but middle class people until now they are like travel only in train . so this time we respect those who are involve and helps  to innovative the locomotive 

POWER STEERING by moses dhilip kumar

    

         The front wheels are turned to the right or left as per the will of the driver                       through the mechanical advantage of the steering gear and the linkage           

         There are some disadvantages in manual steering.

v  It is bigger and heavier in engines on cars.

v  Low pressure types should be used in case of cars.

v  The larger steering ratio is required to steer these cars. For this, more turns of the steering wheel are required to move to the desired distance.

v  Larger tyres having heavier weight on vehicles make the car more difficult in parking. So, the driver has to apply greater physical strength for driving the vehicles.

v  To overcome this difficulty, power – assisted steering has been introduced as shown in fig.   They have only power –assisted steering, called power steering.

                        When a car is steered manually, the driver has to supply all the

WORKING

v  The power steering is to improve driving comfort, most modern automobiles have wide, low pressure tyres with increased the tyre to road surface contact area.

v  The power – steering system used in automobiles is actually a modified manual – steering system as show in fig.

v  The steering column, steering gear, and steering linkage entirely vary from the manual – steering systems. The main difference between power steering and manual steering system is a power booster attached to assist the driver.

v  In this power – assisted steering, the booster is operated when the steering shaft turns. When the steering effort exceeds a certain force, when the steering wheel turns, valves are actuated by this hydraulic pressure to a cylinder. “Then this pressure makes the piston to move and provides most of the steering force.

 

                               A simple hydraulic power assisted steering is illustrated in fig

v  It consists of a fluid reservoir, hydraulic pump, hydraulic ram, control valve, steering shaft, steering box and steering wheel.

v  The engine driven by hydraulic pumps supply oil under pressure from the oil reservoir to the feed lines. A hydraulic control valve provided below the steering measures the input pressure at the steering wheel. Then the pressure is converted in to the hydraulic ram.

v  When the steering wheel is stationary, the oil will exert the same pressure on both sides of the piston and retain the piston at rest.

v  When the driver turns the steering wheel, the control valve is moved by the steering arm. At that time, one of the ports closes while the other one opens.

v  High pressure oil enters one side thereby moving the piston. Then this movement of the piston actuates the steering linkage to move in the required direction.

v  This system is used in big cars and heavy commercial vehicles.

v  It is very much suitable for low speeds and the vehicle for parking purposes while reversing.

Energy doors by moses dhilip kumar

ENERGY DOORS

ABSTRACT

Energy Doors – as the name suggests, doors that can produce electricity. The input is the human energy. The electricity produced can be stored in a battery or can be used directly to provide power to small electrical appliances.

There are two types of energy doors:

1.      Mechanical Energy Doors

2.      Electronic Energy Doors.

The energy door which has gears, flywheels, and an alternator is called mechanical energy doors. The energy door which has lightning piezoelectric components is called as electronic energy doors.

Mechanical Energy doors can be used in public places to produce electricity and electronic energy doors can be used in private buildings, as they produce more electricity than mechanical systems.

The door is connected to a mechanism which has either mechanical components or electronic components. When the door is opened or closed, the given human power, which causes the mechanical motion, is converted into electricity by the alternator or lightning piezoelectric component.

This energy door can be mainly used for powering lighting system using LED’s as they require only small amount of electricity. This reduces the electricity bill and mainly, it reduces the usage of fossil fuels used to produce electricity which cause pollution to the environment.

The main aim of the energy door is to save the environment by providing power using freely available human power without causing any pollution to the environment.

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INTRODUCTION:

Energy doors can produce electricity by converting small amounts of human energy into electricity. The electricity produced by the energy door can be used to power small electric devices or can be stored in a battery to use it later.

CONCEPT:

Every building in this world has doors. We humans operate the door using our energy. The door has two operations – open and close. The idea is to add another operation to the door to produce electricity, which utilizes the same human energy to produce electricity. 

CONSTRUCTION:

The energy door consists of the following parts:

1.     Ordinary door.

2.     Gear wheels.

3.     Flywheel.

4.     Connecting rod.

5.     Chain & Sprocket.

6.     Generator.

7.     Piezoelectric device.

8.     Battery.

MODEL OF ENERGY DOOR DESIGNED USING SOLIDWORKS

1. DOOR:

The door can be of three types:

A.    Swinging door.

B.    Sliding door.

C.     Rotating door.

A.    Swing door is a simple door. In this, the door is connected to a mechanism by a connecting rod which is connected to a chain. The other end is attached with a sprocket which converts the sliding mechanism into rotating mechanism.  The sprocket is connected to gear wheels, which increases the speed of the rotating motion. The gear wheels are connected to a flywheel. The main use of a flywheel here is to make things easier. A slight force is enough from us; rest of the necessary force is provided by the flywheel.

B.    Sliding door – also has the same mechanism as the swinging door.

C.     Rotating door – In this there is no need of converting sliding motion into rotating motion. The gears and flywheel are connected directly to the main shaft of the door. The alternator or lightning piezoelectric component is also attached directly to the main shaft.

PIEZOELECTRIC COMPONENT:

Instead of using gears, flywheels & alternators to produce electricity. A piezoelectric component can be used to produce large amount electricity depending on the type of piezoelectric component.

Here, a Lightning piezoelectric component is used. This piezoelectric component is a special type which can produce more electricity when compared to ordinary piezoelectric materials. This lightning piezoelectric component is developed by NASA.

It works on a simple principle. A thin ceramic piezoelectric wafer is sandwiched between an aluminum sheet and a steel sheet and held together with LaRC-SI, an amorphous thermo­plastic adhesive with special properties created by NASA. The sandwich is heated in an autoclave, and the adhesive melts. When the sandwich cools, the adhe­sive bonds the parts together into one piezoelectric ele­ment. While they cool, the components of the element contract at different rates, since they are made of different materials. This differential shrinkage causes the element to warp in either a convex or concave shape, depending on which way it is oriented. The shrinking of the outside metal layers places the inside piezoelectric ceramic under mechanical stress. If the element is cantilevered by clamp­ing one side and then plucked, it reverberates like a diving board that has just ejected a diver.

This way, a small amount of mechanical energy can result in a relatively long period of electrical generation

Lightning piezoelectric component

WORKING OF ENERGY DOORS:

The working procedure is simple. In swinging & sliding doors, the sliding motion is converted into rotating motion, which drives the alternator to produce electricity. In rotating doors, directly the rotating motion is converted into electricity.

Instead of using mechanical components, piezoelectric component can be used. In this the mechanical energy is directly converted into electricity with much more efficiently than the alternator.

APPLICATIONS:

·        The energy doors can be used in public places like hotels, shops, railway station, airport and in many public places.

·        It can be used in private buildings in places like air-conditioned rooms like computer labs, library & etc…

·        A piezoelectric energy doors can be best used in houses which produces larger amount of electricity.

·        The electricity generated by the energy door can be used stored or can be used to power LED lights which needs only small amount of electricity.

·        It can be used to directly power a camera in a door or for an electronic lock.

·        At last, but not the least, it reduces the pollution produced by fossil fuels for generating electricity to a little extent.

CONCLUSION:

The Energy doors will revolutionize the design of doors. Usage of many energy doors in a building can produce large amount of energy which can be used for powering the entire lighting systems, which reduces the electricity bill. And it has many other benefits than conventional doors.