COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL

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Considering that we live in a very mobile society, it's probably safe to assume that you have. While pumping gas, you've undoubtedly noticed how much the price of gas has soared in recent years. Gasoline, which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars, is becoming more and more expensive and impractical (especially from an environmental standpoint). But cost is not the only problem with using gasoline as our primary fuel. It is also damaging to the environment, and since it is not a renewable resource, it will eventually run out. These factors are leading car manufacturers to develop cars fuelled by alternative energies. One possible alternative is the air-powered car. There are at least two ongoing projects that are developing a new type of car that will run on compressed air. One among them is the evolution Cars.

After more than thirty years experience with combustion engines, the French engineer Guy Negre has developed a concept of a totally non-polluting engine for use in urban areas. This invention, which uses high pressure (300 bar) compressed air to store the energy needed for running the engine. When the air is injected into the cylinder chamber, it expands to provide motive power. Oddly, the problem with a conventional four-stroke engine is that compression, combustion and expansion all take place in a single cylinder. But here the engine divides these functions into a three-chamber system, with one cylinder for compression, a small chamber for combustion and a much larger cylinder for expansion.

           Zero Pollution Motors is also working on a hybrid version of their engine
that can run on traditional fuel in combination with air. Mono-energy engine have
demonstrated the viability of the new concept, the air and fuel, bi-energy, engine will be    introduced to major car manufacturers in order to study its adaptation for their common models. 

                                                   ENGINE DESIGN: 

Guy Negre’s engine is, in fact, a radically new internal combustion engine. Two chambers, one for intake and compression and one for expansion and exhaust, are separated from a spherically shaped combustion chamber. The retention time in the combustion chamber is 30% to 100 % longer than in comparable conventional engines, thus giving rise to a more complete combustion at constant volume, while the spherical shape helps eliminate knock (which as been unknown in this engine).

              At the heart of the engine is a small combustion chamber. A piston in a compression cylinder outside this chamber forces air through a valve; getting compressed and thus heating a mixture of air and petrol in the process. With all valves to the chamber closed the hot mixture is ignited. In the final part of the cycle the hot gas escapes through a valve into a separate expansion cylinder where it drives a piston cooling in the process

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                                  WORKING PRINCIPLE:

The evolution is powered by a two-cylinder, compressed-air engine. The
basic concept behind the engine is unique; it can run either on compressed air alone or act as an internal combustion engine. Compressed air is stored in carbon or glass fibre tanks at a pressure of 4,351 pounds per square inch (psi). This air is fed through an air injector to the engine and flows into a small chamber, which expands the air. The air pushing down on the pistons moves the crankshaft, which gives the vehicle power. A compressor driven by an electric motor connected to a standard electric outlet does the recharge of the compressed air tanks. A rapid recharge, using a high-pressure air pump, is also possible. The change of energy source is controlled electronically. When the car is moving at speeds below 60 kmph, it runs on air. At higher speeds, it runs on a fuel, such as gasoline, diesel or natural gas.

 

                       PERFORMANCE OF AIR POWERED CARS:

                                   

Maximum speed	60mph
Acceleration	0-30 mph: 7 seconds
Range	120 miles or 10 hours

all above thinks really 

                    Within the next two years, you could see the first air-powered vehicle motoring
through your town. Most likely, it will be the evolution car that is being built by Zero

Pollution Motors 

THANK YOU  

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The latest BMW Concept Car for the Efficient Dynamics

                   The latest BMW Concept Car for the Efficient Dynamics

BMW has made the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption a key part of its product development strategy, just as enhancements to the dynamic ability of each BMW have been a lasting, sustained brand value. BMW's Efficient Dynamics engineering philosophy – the pursuit of an enhanced, athletic driving experience while simultaneously lowering the consumption and emissions of each vehicle – resulted in the most dramatic drop in fleet consumption of any automaker from 1990 through 2005, according to an Environmental Defense study.

Now, the BMW Vision concept car clearly demonstrates that the Efficient Dynamics objectives are fully compatible when applied to a sports car. Conceived as a 2+2-seater with plug-in full-hybrid technology, this unique car combines the performance of a BMW M vehicle with a standard of fuel efficiency and emission management that exceeds even the current levels achieved by the latest small cars. This outstanding result is made possible by the combination of BMW Active Hybrid components with an extremely economical combustion engine, and outstanding aerodynamic qualities.

               

BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics is the result of a "clean-sheet" development process to ensure that the correct achievements were made in the areas of efficiency, driving pleasure, technology, and emotional design. BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics is the most comprehensive implementation of the Efficient Dynamics philosophy seen so far. The power train provides a top speed limited electronically to 155 mph, with acceleration to 100 km/h in 4.8 seconds. Average fuel consumption in the EU test cycle is 3.76 liters/100 kilometers, equal to 62.6 mpg, and the CO2 emission rating is 99 grams per kilometer. CO2 emission management is even more outstanding when driving in the all-electric mode after charging the battery from a plug-in source: Taking all emissions in the generation of electricity into account, as prescribed by the EU formula, the car's emission rating is just 50 grams per kilometer.

        

Through this unique balance of driving pleasure and fuel efficiency, the BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics concept car clearly demonstrates the potential of BMW Active Hybrid technology, which makes its world debut at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show in the BMW Active Hybrid X6 and BMW Active Hybrid 7 production models.

The power and performance are made possible by combining a fuel-efficient 3-cylinder turbo diesel with one electric motor on each axle. The intelligent combination of these units, together with precisely controlled energy management, simultaneously enhances the dynamic performance and the efficiency of the car. Overall system output is 356 horsepower, and peak torque is 590 lb-ft. The special arrangement of the two motors and diesel engine allows all-wheel drive when driving in all-electric mode. The result is minimum power loss and a harmonious transmission of the power available under all conditions

In its design, BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics for the first time conveys the dynamic look of a BMW sports car to a hybrid vehicle. Developed with decades of experience in Motorsport, the body of this unique sports car is a result of intelligent lightweight technology and aerodynamic efficiency. In the design of the interior, the focus was likewise on both the fascinating driving experience and, in particular, on transparent, hands-on technology and maximum reduction of weight.

POWERLESS FAN by technical world

POWERLESS FAN

             We know that now-a-days electricity is a  scarce  resource  and  the  source  for  current  is  becoming  meager...

Here we presented an idea about how electricity  can  be  saved  in  a  large  scale...

Our  powerless  fan  works  on  the  principle of  Stirling  Engine  Cycle...

The  major  parts  associated  with  the  construction  of  fan  are STIRLING ENGINE,COMPRESSING UNIT,STORAGE UNIT and VALVES.

The air entering  the  valves(remote-controlled) gets  compressed  while entering  into the compression  unit and  thus  becomes it  hot, due to which we  can  make  the  Stirling engine  to  operate. The  piston  attached  to  both engine  and  the  connecting  rod  of  the fan, makes it to rotate  thereby a sufficient  supply of air  inside  the  room is possible. The speed of the wings can  be  controlled  easily  by using a  regulator .This is the principle..

Principle of working

Stirling  cycle  is a  regenerative  cycle  that  works  on  hot  air  only...

Stirling  cycle  has  theoretical  efficiency  equal  to  Carnot   cycle   due  to   the  inclusion   of   re-generator...

Efficiency = w/Qs = Qs-Qr/Qs = R log e (Rc).(T2– T1)/R T2 loge (Rc) +(1-nr). Cv (T2 – T1)‏

  Valves

The   first   unit   of   this   powerless   fan   is   the valves…

The  working  of  valve  in  the  powerless  fan  is  to  allow the atmospheric   air(oxygen)  to   the   storage   unit.

This   3 valves   resembles   the   same   as   the fins   in   the   air-conditioning system…

This   controls   the   amount   of   air   that   enters   inside   the   unit…

  Atmospheric air storage unit

The   second   important   unit   is   the   atmospheric air storage   unit   in   which    AIR   is   been   stored…

The   storage   unit   is   mainly   because   to   supply   air  if  there   is   any    shortage   in   the   air   flow   to   the   compressor   or   to   suck   the   air   if   there   any   over   flow  of   air   which   decreases   the   efficiency   of   Stirling   engine...

Storage   unit   is  an   additional   attachment   for   this     powerless   fan…

Compression unit

As  we  all  know ,  in  general , compression  unit  compresses  the  air  entering  through  it…

When  the  pressure  and  temperature  of  the  air  increases , the compression  takes place…

Compressor   is   a  machine  which  takes  air  during  suction   stroke   at   low   pressure   and   then   compresses   it   to  high  pressure  in  a  piston  cylinder  arrangement...

Rotary  compressor  is  used  because  they  are  suitable  for  high  discharge  at  very  low  discharge  pressure...

Discharge  is  as  high  as  3000 m3/min...

Piston and Connecting Rod

A  piston  is  attached  to  the  connection  rod  of  the  fan  and  also  to  the  compression  unit , and  it  makes  reciprocating  motion  between  the  two…

This  reciprocating  motion   of  the  piston  is  converted into  rotary  motion  by  the  connecting  rod...

At  the  instant  the  compression  begins ,   the  piston  starts  to  exhibit  the  motion and      makes  the  connecting  rod  of  the    fan  to  rotate…

Working of Stirling Engine

When hot compressed air comes to the inlet of Stirling engine the engine starts working...

The working of Stirling engine is based on the Stirling cycle(Regenerative cycle)...

The compression and expansion of the Stirling cycle are considered reversible isothermal processes...

After the compression of the intake hot compressed air the expansion of hot air starts...

Working of Fan

The  valves  are  made  opened  by  a  remote-controlling  system…

The  atmospheric  air  goes  into  the  valve, to  the  compressing  unit…

The  piston  which  is  attached,  starts  to  promote  reciprocating  motion, due  to  the  process  of  air  compression…

And  in  turn, the  connecting  rod  of  the  fan  rotates  and  hence  the  rotation  of  wings  takes  place…

By  using  a  regulator, the  speed  of  the  fan  can  be  controlled…

       Advantages

The  first  and  the  foremost  advantage  of  this  powerless  fan  is  the  SAVING  OF  POWER…

Less  maintenance and  low-costing  equipment…

Highly EFFICIENT…

                               

 … 

HYDRAULIC HYBRID VEHICLES by moses

               HYDRAULIC HYBRID VEHICLES

                "Future cars offer good, clean fun: Hydraulic Hybrids are engines of tomorrow”

        

                            Depletion of conventional energy sources and increase in pollution are the two main problems of this era. Vehicles are the largest consumers of this conventional energy sources results in increase in pollution. In order to overcome these problems new concepts like Hybrid Technology has emerged. This article discusses the new upcoming Hybrid technology

                                                              HISTORY OF HYBRID VEHICLE

1839
Robert Anderson of Aberdeen, Scotland built the first electric vehicle

1870
Sir David Salomon developed a car with a light electric motor and very heavy storage batteries. Driving speed and range were poor

1890 – 1910
Period of significant improvements in battery technology, specifically with development of the modern lead-acid battery by H. Tudor and nickel-iron battery by Edison and Junger.The German Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, built his first car, the Lohner Electric Chaise. In 1905, H. Piper filed a patent for a petrol-electric hybrid vehicle.

1913
With the advent of the self-starter (making it easy for all drivers to start gas engines), steamers and electrics were almost completely wiped out. In this year, sales of electric cars dropped to 6,000 vehicles, while the Ford Model T sold 182,809 gasoline cars.

 1920 – 1965
Dormant periods for mass-produced electric and hybrid cars. So-called alternative cars became the province of backyard tinkerers and small-time entrepreneurs

1977 – 1979
General Motors spent over $20 million in electric car development and research, reporting that electric vehicles could be in production by the mid-1980s.

2000-2004
Toyota released the Toyota Prius, the first hybrid four-door sedan available in the United States. The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S. market

                   Hydraulic Hybrids..:                              

                   A hydraulic-diesel hybrid power train allows for the use of a less powerful and more fuel efficient diesel engine operating at its optimal setting and less frequently to obtain the same power as a less efficient engine directly powering the wheels. There are two accumulators; one high-pressure and the other low-pressure. Inside the accumulators are nitrogen bladders. When hydraulic fluid accumulates, the nitrogen bladders are compressed, and energy is stored. The low pressure accumulator acts like a reservoir containing hydraulic fluid.

                                            During braking, energy that is usually dissipated through heat is used to operate a pump that takes hydraulic fluid from the low-pressure accumulator to

pressurize the high pressure accumulator. This energy stored in the high-pressure nitrogen bladder is then used to accelerate the vehicle. During acceleration, the pressurized fluid leaves the high pressure accumulator and powers the pump/motor. The fluid then returns to the low pressure accumulator. The diesel engine is used when the high-pressure accumulator is depressurized and the vehicle is running at steady state

                       

          Types of Hydraulic Hybrid vehicle systems   

      

                             Parallel hydraulic hybrid system           

                             Series hydraulic hybrid system

How Does a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid System Work?
       A pump/motor is used to pump the hydraulic fluid from the low pressure accumulator to the high pressure accumulator during braking and also it acts as a motor during acceleration driving another motor connected to the wheels by a shaft. During acceleration, the pressurized fluid leaves the high pressure accumulator and powers the pump/motor which in turns acts as a motor to drive the motor connected to the wheels, during this process the hydraulic fluid is returned back to the reservoir.

                        

How Does a Series Hydraulic Hybrid System Work?

          A pump is used to pump the hydraulic fluid from the low pressure accumulator to the high pressure accumulator during braking. During acceleration the energy stored in the accumulator is used to power the pump/motor. The fluid then returns to the reservoir. Hence the fluid from the reservoir moves to the accumulator through the pump and it returns to the reservoir through the motor.

Advanced Hydraulic Hybrid control systems derive their fuel economy improvement from the use of four design and control strategies:

1) Recovery and reuse of over 70% of braking energy (known as regenerative braking).

2) Optimization of engine operation at the “sweet” spot.

3) Reduction of engine operation (e.g. engine is shut-off when the vehicle isn’t moving, so there is never any engine idling).

4) Improve engine efficiency from enabling new innovative efficient engine concepts.

The Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid System utilizes only design strategy of recovery and reuse1). The Series Hydraulic Hybrid System takes advantage of all four strategies.

                                     

                                      Future of Hydraulics 

                               

                    Hydraulic hybrid systems create a unique opportunity to optimize engine operations.   EPA has produced research concept vehicles that demonstrate the hydraulic technology.  One concept vehicle is an urban delivery truck that uses hydraulic "launch assist."  This delivery truck retains its conventional engine and transmission, but adds on a hydraulics package optimized for fuel economy. The next generation of hydraulic vehicles involves fully integrating hydraulic technology.  In this configuration, the "full" hydraulic hybrid replaces the conventional drivetrain with a hydraulic drivetrain and eliminates the need for a transmission and transfer case. Using the full hydraulic drive in conjunction with EPA's clean diesel combustion technology is projected to improve fuel economy even more.

                       EPA also has achieved major breakthroughs in designing hydraulic accumulators and pump/motors to be more efficient, smaller, and lighter for motor vehicle applications, which will help improve fuel efficiency.  EPA currently has cooperative research and development agreements with several private sector partners to further the development of hydraulics.

                   THANKS TO GIVE A PROPER INFORMATION BY MR. AR NAVEEN KUMAR..BE

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THERMAL MICROINJECTOR by mosesdhilipkumar

                            THERMAL MICRO INJECTOR 

                           Today, the major problem which troubles the engineers is controlling the emissions from an automobile with out sacrificing its efficiency. The one way to solve the problem is utilizing the alternate fuels which will be an Eco friendly. But the main disadvantage is the power output from such alternate fuels is less compared to the conventional fuels such as petrol and diesel. So through this paper we present the various advanced technologies of fuel injection which will be an Eco friendly as well as an efficient one.

This paper reports a new application of a thermal micro injector for fuel injection. The paper estimates the ejected velocity of the diesel fuel droplet, and the minimum temperature for bubble formation. The effective fuel spray penetration using the thermal micro injector is explained elaborately. Analysis of the temperature profile evolution and activation curve between water and diesel fuel is helpful for optimization of the micro injector design. The micro injector is fabricated using combined surface and bulk micro machining. Also we have discussed some advantages of the micro injector over the conventional fuel injector 

                                                      INTRODUCTION:

                                        

The fuel injection system is the heart of the internal combustion engine. The function of the injector is to provide fuel to the engine chamber. The fuel will be atomized into small droplets, and begin to evaporate as it moves away from the nozzle and mixes with hot air. The fuel-air ratio is not uniform across the engine chamber because of the complexity of the mixing process. The fuel injection system mainly deals with the atomization step for a typical combustion engine sequence that consists of

                                    1. Atomization,

                                   2. Vaporization,

                                   3. Air entrainment,

                                   4. Ignition, and

                                   5. Combustion.

The typical nozzle diameter for a diesel fuel injector lies between 200 µm and 1000 µm, while the ratio of the length to diameter of the nozzle ranges from 2 to 8. The fuel injection pressure is usually very high (20-170 MPa). Also, the temperature in the cylinder at the time of injection is about 1000 K . The diameter    of a typical diesel fuel droplet with a back pressure of 39.3 MPa (5700 psi) ranges from 10 µm to 100 µm, with the average about 51 µm (0.002 in)

                           operation 

The operating principle of micro injector is similar to that of commercial thermal inkjet print heads. The thermal jet technique uses thermal energy to grow bubbles inside a chamber, functioning as a pump to eject droplets. Fig. 2 illustrates the droplet ejection sequence of a typical thermal jet. The jet uses an electric current pulse to boil liquid inside the micro chamber. The expanding bubble pressurizes the chamber and ejects a column of liquid through a nozzle. The liquid column further breaks into a sequence of droplets through the interaction between surface tension and inertial force.

                                                              

After the liquid column is separated from the nozzle, the chamber is refilled by liquid from the manifold via the capillary force. The size of a fuel droplet highly depends on the shape and size of the micro nozzle. A monolithic silicon micro injector has been fabricated using MEMS technologies and successfully demonstrated the ability of single-droplet ejection with water and ink as working fluids. 

thank you for your support by moses dhilip kumar.BE

WEDGE BRAKING SYSTEM

                                            WEDGE BRAKING SYSTEM

                                

                    This concept  deals with the introduction of electronic wedge brake into the braking system.

It is a new way of braking system i.e. breaking without hydraulics like the conventional brake. It can dramatically reduce stopping distances of cars compared with conventional hydraulic systems. It gives more efficiency to the braking system. The entire system runs on the standard 12-volt electrical system found in most cars.. We also designed single motor electronic wedge brake system which is very effective when compared to normal electronic wedge brake (EWB) which uses two motor.

             What is Electronic Wedge Brake?

The electronic wedge brake works by a similar principle to that used in brakes for horse-

Drawn carriages, where a wedge was used to bring the wheel to a standstill. The EWB,

however, relies on sophisticated sensor technology and electronics to prevent the brakes

from locking and ensure highly efficient and controlled braking .

The wedge uses a vehicle’s kinetic energy, converting it into braking energy. By reinforcing itself this way, the EWB needs only one tenth of the actuating energy required by today's hydraulic braking systems.

Given this superior efficiency, the EWB will also have smaller dimensions, which will reduce total vehicle weight. What’s more, the EWB will dispense with the need for brake lines, a servo-unit and a brake fluid reservoir.

While a conventional ABS takes between 140 and 170 milliseconds to generate full braking power, the EWB needs only about 100 milliseconds and therefore shortens the braking distance because a car covers the distance of 1.40 meters in one second at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour.

                        

                    below Schematic diagram of the electronic wedge brake:

                

           Components OF Electronic Wedge Brake system:

The components of the electronic wedge brake system is shown below.

                              a)             Brake calliper

                              b)             Brake disc

                              c)             Brake pad

                              d)            Motor(single  phase induction motor)

                              e)             Wedge shaped system

                               f)              Rollers.

Working of Electronic Wedge Brake system:

                          

the piston and the fluid ducts are replaced by a double plate (6), slick on one side and featuring wedge-shaped "teeth" on the other. The two teethed plates face each other and lodged between the teeth are small cylindrical rollers (5). In the caliper, as with a regular brake, the rubbing pad (2) is set against the fixed, interior plate of the caliper, while the other pad (exterior) is set against the floating plate of the caliper. Two small electric motors (3 and 4) also located in the caliper move the wedges against one another. As a result, when the brake pedal is depressed, the wedges are "activated"; they push back both plates and force the pads against the disc. Here  the wedge effect automatically increases the brake force that is applied. In reality, it's the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle that helps to slow it down. In other words, the faster the vehicle goes, the harder the brakes react.

   

                       Advantages of EWB:

1. The EWB is more efficient.

2. It responds faster.

3. Requires one tenth of the energy that of conventional brake system.

4. The EWB will dispense the need for brake lines, a servo-unit, and a brake fluid reservoir.

5. It also eliminates brake vaccum boosters ,pistons etc.

6. The system also has faster reaction time.

7. It works three times than quicker than the conventional brakes(100ms).

8. The braking distance required from 100 km/h to 0 km/h was reduced by half in the EWB.

RIGHTS by

MOSES DHILIPKUMAR .BE